Aleksander, I. (1997). Artificial Neuroconsciousness: An Update. Retrieved from https://web.archive.org/web/19970302014628/http://www.ee.ic.ac.uk/research/neural/publications/iwann.html

This publication is by Igor Aleksander, a professor from the Imperial College London’s department of electrical engineering. This publication is about his theory on how artificial neural consciousness can be developed in computers.

 

Block, N. (1995). On a confusion about a function of consciousness. Brain and Behavioral Sciences 18(2), 227-247. doi: 10.1017/S0140525X00038188

This article is written by Ned Block, a philosophy professor from New York University’s philosophy department, who specializes in the philosophy of perception. This article talks about what defines the different types of consciousness.

 

Bowyer, K. (2017, February 16). Robot rights: at what point should an intelligent machine be considered a ‘person’?. Retrieved from http://theconversation.com/robot-rights-at-what-point-should-an-intelligent-machine-be-considered-a-person-72410

An article about the legal consequences of giving robots a personhood status. Kyle Bowyer is a lecturer at Curtin Law School, Curtin University. He also writes for a journalism website.

 

Bringsjord, S., Licato, J., Govindarajulu, N.S., Ghosh, R., Sen, A. (2015). Real robots that pass human tests of self-consciousness. Robot and Human Interactive Communication. doi: 10.1109/ROMAN.2015.7333698

This scientific paper is by a team of researchers from the Rensselaer AI and Reasoning Lab in New York, a research group within Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute’s Department of Cognitive Science, lead by Selmer Bringsjord, the chair of the department. This paper is about their development of a self-aware robot. In this paper, they discuss their own previous work, previous work done by others, the programming of the robots, the tests, and potential topics that could be explored in the future regarding self-aware robots.

 

Buttazzo, G. (2001). Artificial Consciousness: Utopia or Real Possibility? Computer, 34(7), 24-30. doi:  10.1109/2.933500

This report was written by Giorgi Buttazzo, a computer engineering professor at Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna of Pisa, where one of his specializations is in advanced robotic applications. This report discusses the history of artificial intelligence in science fiction, philosophical views of self-awareness, and issues regarding the creation of artificial intelligence

 

Capek, K. (Writer). (1920). Rossum's Universal Robots [Play]. Retrieved February 15, 2017, from http://preprints.readingroo.ms/RUR/rur.pdf

A play about a company that produces humanoid machines. The plot discusses the ethics of the treatment of these organic machines that were virtually indistinguishable from human, except for their lack of emotions and opinions. Over the course of the play the robots gradually take over the world from human beings and then redevelop emotions. Written by a playwright in 1920.

 

Cellarius. (1863, June 13). DARWIN AMONG THE MACHINES [Letter to the editor]. The Press, pp. 180-185. Retrieved February 11, 2017, from http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-ButFir-t1-g1-t1-g1-t4-body.html

This letter to the editor was written in 1863 on the future of mechanics and a prediction of how their development might followed a similar path to that laid out in Darwin’s theory of evolution.

 

Chalmers, D.J. (2011). A Computational Foundation for the Study of Cognition. Journal of Cognitive Science, 12. 323-357. Retrieved from http://cogsci.snu.ac.kr/jcs/issue/vol12/no4/01Chalmers.pdf

This article was written by David J Chalmers, an Australian philosopher and cognitive scientist who is a professor of philosophy and director of the center of consciousness at Australian National University, who specializes in the philosophy of the mind and language. This article discusses if it’s possible for a computer to have consciousness and what is needed in order for a computer to be able to have consciousness.

 

Griseri, P. (2017, January 16). Giving rights to robots is a dangerous idea. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/jan/16/giving-rights-to-robots-is-a-dangerous-idea

An article about AI corporations being able to take advantage of “robot rights” for commercial interests. Written by Paul Griseri, a writer for the Tech section of the Guardian.

 

Hauser, L. (2017). Chinese Room Argument. Retrieved February 15, 2017, from http://www.iep.utm.edu/chineser/

An overview on the theories and arguments surrounding the Chinese Room thought experiment.

 

Hern, A. (2017. January 12). Give robots 'personhood' status, EU committee argues. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/jan/12/give-robots-personhood-status-eu-committee-argues

An article discussing the European Parliament’s initiative to draft regulations for the development of autonomous AI. Written by Alex Hern, a writer for the Tech section of the Guardian.

 

Koerth-Baker, M. (2010, November 24). Kids (and Animals) Who Fail Classic Mirror Tests May Still Have Sense of Self. Retrieved February 14, 2017, from https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/kids-and-animals-who-fail-classic-mirror/

This article discusses the possibility that the mirror test is not a accurate way to determine if the tested human or animal is self-aware. There are multiple issues with the test including not taking into account how self-awareness is a spectrum, cultural differences or past exposure to mirrors.

 

MacDonald, F. (2015, July 17). A Robot Has Just Passed a Classic Self-Awareness Test for the First Time. Retrieved February 14, 2017, from http://www.sciencealert.com/a-robot-has-just-passed-a-classic-self-awareness-test-for-the-first-time

This is an article that is reporting the work done to develop the self-aware robot by the researchers at Rensselaer AI and Reasoning Lab. This article also includes comments by the lead researcher, Selmer Bringsjord regarding the experiments and dates on when he would present his information.

 

Merriam-Webster. (2017). Sentience. Retrieved February 14, 2017, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/sentience

The dictionary definition of sentience.

 

Mori, M. (2012, Jun 12). The Uncanny Valley: The Original Essay by Masahiro Mori. Retrieved from http://spectrum.ieee.org/automaton/robotics/humanoids/the-uncanny-valley

This essay was written by Masahiro Mori, a Japanese roboticist who specialized on the emotional responses of humans towards non-human entities. This essay explains the Uncanny Valley hypothesis, a hypothesis developed by Mori, that said as robots become more human-like, they will reach a point in which their details will make them look eerie.

 

Muth, F. (2015, December 01). Crows take a look in the mirror. Retrieved February 14, 2017, from https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/not-bad-science/crows-take-a-look-in-the-mirror/

This discusses recent mirror tests in crows. It discusses the difficulties in determining if the tested animal truly understands mirrors or has simply understood how to use them as a tool.

 

Pachniewska, A. (2016, October 29). List of Animals That Have Passed the Mirror Test. Retrieved February 14, 2017, from http://www.animalcognition.org/2015/04/15/list-of-animals-that-have-passed-the-mirror-test/

Lists and discusses the animals that are currently confirmed to have passed the self sentience mirror test.

 

Pandey, A. (2015, July 20). Artificial Intelligence: Humanoid Robot Exhibits A Moment of Self-Awareness. Retrieved from http://www.ibtimes.com/artificial-intelligence-humanoid-robot-exhibits-moment-self-awareness-2015241

This article reporting the results of the experiments done by the Rensselaer AI and Reasoning Lab. The article reports that the researchers were able to create a self-aware robot, due to the fact that the robot was able to pass a variation of “the king’s wise men.” test.

 

Pearson, J. (2015, July 16). Watch these cute robots as they become self-aware. Retrieved  from https://motherboard.vice.com/en_us/article/watch-these-cute-robots-struggle-to-become-self-aware

An opinionated article that discusses the NAO robots passing the self sentience test and the nature of self-sentient AI. Written by Jordan Pearson, a writer for Motherboard (online tech magazine).

 

Takeno, J., Inaba, K., & Suzuki, T. (2005). Experiments and examination of mirror image cognition using a small robot. Computational Intelligence in Robotics and Automation, -----. doi: 10.1109/CIRA.2005.1554325

This scientific paper is by Junichi Takeno, Keita Inaba, and Tohru Suzuki, computer science professors from Meiji University. In this paper, they report their findings from their experiment seeing if a robot could demonstrate mirror image cognition.

 

Theoi Project. (n.d.). AUTOMOTONES. Retrieved February 21, 2017, from http://www.theoi.com/Ther/Automotones.html

A brief history of machines in Greek mythology including direct quotes from myths and legends and descriptions.

 

Schwarz, R. (2013, Nov 25). 10 Creepy Examples of the Uncanny Valley. Retrieved from http://www.strangerdimensions.com/2013/11/25/10-creepy-examples-uncanny-valley/

This article is about the uncanny valley. It shows examples of robots that have been considered to have reached the uncanny valley, meaning that the more human-like these robots occur, the more eerie looking they will appear.

 

Sparkes, M. (2014, June 09). Computer passes the Turing Test? I'm not convinced. Retrieved February 21, 2017, from http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/news/10886389/Computer-passes-the-Turing-Test-Im-not-convinced.html

A report on a robot that supposedly passed the Turing test, but it has been debated if it passed through ‘cheating’.

 

University of Toronto. (2017). Artificial Intelligence | The Turing Test. Retrieved February 15, 2017, from http://www.psych.utoronto.ca/users/reingold/courses/ai/turing.html

An overview on the theories and arguments surrounding the turing test as well as how it can be inaccurate.

 

Vincent, J. (2016, March 24). Twitter taught microsoft’s AI chatbot to be a racist asshole in less than a day. Retrieved from http://www.theverge.com/2016/3/24/11297050/tay-microsoft-chatbot-racist

An article about Microsoft’s experimental twitter bot, Tay, who turns into an offensive machine after being exposed to interactions with Twitter users. James Vincent is a London based reported for the online tech magazine, The Verge.